Introduction and History Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Velocity Wavelength Attenuation Dispersion
Rocks, Soils and Fluids: Electrical Properties Magnetic Properties
Environmental Influences Heterogeneity, Anisotropy and Scale
Radar Equation
![[Under Construction]](images/undercon.gif){kind=small}
The radar equation describes how electromagnetic waves propagate through a material. As normally written for radar through air, it neglects material losses. For ground penetrating radar, the radar equation describes how the propagating wave is modified or changed: by the transmitter antenna properties (gain, antenna pattern, and frequency dependence), by coupling to the ground (efficiency, frequency dependence), by geometric spreading losses (like the power being spread over the surface of a balloon being blown up around the antenna), by exponential material dissipation losses (including frequency dependent dispersion from electrical conduction, dielectric or magnetic relaxation), by scattering (reflection, refraction, diffraction) from a change in properties (depending upon contrast (Fresnel), orientation (Snell), and polarization (Stokes-Mueller)), and then in the direction of the receiving antenna, by exponential material losses, geometric spreading, coupling, and the receiver antenna properties. It does not include effects such as multipathing or guided waves.
(references)
(illustration)
Scattering Polarization Fresnel Reflection Snell Angle Stokes-Mueller Matrices Poincare Sphere
Antennas Coupling Near / Far Fields Waveguides Multipathing Resonance
Survey Design Contrast Geometry Resolution Depth of Investigation Orientation
Data Acquisition Data Processing Modeling Interpretation Uncertainty
Applications: Noninvasive Surface Borehole Airborne Satellite and Space