Introduction and History Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Velocity Wavelength Attenuation Dispersion
Rocks, Soils and Fluids: Electrical Properties Magnetic Properties
Geological Heterogeneity, Anisotropy and Scale
![[Under Construction]](images/undercon.gif){kind=small}
Geology is not uniform, homogeneous and isotropic in space. The processes that create near surface geology leave behind patterns with variations in space (heterogeneity), orientation (anisotropy), and scale (grain size and sorting and fracturing for example). These spatial variations may be quantitatively mapped and statistically described with great effectiveness by using the high resolution of ground penetrating radar. Such high resolution images may be used to infer and map the geological process that created the patterns. They may also be used to map changes in the patterns, such as caused by trenching to bury a plastic pipe. The plastic pipe (or plastic land mine) is not always directly visible by itself, but the change in geological statistics allows location of the disturbed soil (trench) within which it is buried. Anisotropy may also appear as preferred orientations with better or worse wave propagation characteristics (as in relative to the cleat in coal or rebar in concrete). Heterogeneity, anisotropy, and scale also appear in polarization, scattering and clutter limitations of depth of investigation and detectability. Heterogeneity may also be a function of temporal variation because of daily or seasonal rainfall and water table fluctuations or freeze-thaw cycles.
(references)
(illustrations)
Scattering Polarization Fresnel Reflection Snell Angle Stokes-Mueller Matrices Poincare Sphere
Antennas Coupling Near / Far Fields Waveguides Multipathing Resonance
Survey Design Contrast Geometry Resolution Depth of Investigation Orientation
Data Acquisition Data Processing Modeling Interpretation Uncertainty
Applications: Noninvasive Surface Borehole Airborne Satellite and Space