Introduction and History Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Velocity Wavelength Attenuation Dispersion
Rocks, Soils and Fluids: Electrical Properties Magnetic Properties
Environmental Influences Heterogeneity, Anisotropy and Scale Radar Equation
Scattering Polarization Fresnel Reflection Snell Angle Stokes-Mueller Matrices Poincare Sphere
Antennas Coupling Near / Far Fields Waveguides Multipathing Resonance
Survey Design Contrast Geometry Resolution Depth of Investigation Orientation
Data Acquisition Data Processing
Modeling, Sensitivity and Uniqueness
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Modeling of ground penetrating radar data becomes necessary when there is a need to provide quantitative information about subsurface properties and geometries. The radar system measures and records electric field amplitude as a function of spatial position and orientation, and time. These electric field data have to be processed to correct for distortions and artifacts of data acquisition, remove noise and interferences, and provide accurate, known and calibrated positions in time and space. Once this is performed, then the equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves may be solved to turn the electric field amplitude information into material properties and geometry. Once the electric and magnetic properties are known, then frequency dependence and mixing formulas may be used to derive additional quantities such as soil density and water content. From the spatial distributions of these properties, statistical descriptions of heterogeneity may be derived to infer geological processes, target parameters (such as size, shape and orientation), and other useful information.
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Applications: Noninvasive Surface Borehole Airborne Satellite and Space