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 8052 TCP/IP
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One of the 8051’s many powerful features is it’s integrated UART, otherwise known as a serial port. The fact that the 8051 has an integrated serial port means that you may very easily read and write values to the serial port. If it were not for the integrated serial port, writing a byte to a serial line would be a rather tedious process requring turning on and off one of the I/O lines in rapid succession to properly "clock out" each individual bit, including start bits, stop bits, and parity bits. However, we do not have to do this. Instead, we simply need to configure the serial port’s operation mode and baud rate. Once configured, all we have to do is write to an SFR to write a value to the serial port or read the same SFR to read a value from the serial port. The 8051 will automatically let us know when it has finished sending the character we wrote and will also let us know whenever it has received a byte so that we can process it. We do not have to worry about transmission at the bit level--which saves us quite a bit of coding and processing time. The first thing we must do when using the 8051’s integrated serial port is, obviously, configure it. This lets us tell the 8051 how many data bits we want, the baud rate we will be using, and how the baud rate will be determined. First, let’s present the "Serial Control" (SCON) SFR and define what each bit of the SFR represents:
Additionally, it is necessary to define the function of SM0 and SM1 by an additional table:
(*) Note: The baud rate indicated in this table is doubled if PCON.7 (SMOD) is set. The SCON SFR allows us to configure the Serial Port. Thus, we’ll go through each bit and review it’s function. The first four bits (bits 4 through 7) are configuration bits. Bits SM0 and SM1 let us set the serial mode to a value between 0 and 3, inclusive. The four modes are defined in the chart immediately above. As you can see, selecting the Serial Mode selects the mode of operation (8-bit/9-bit, UART or Shift Register) and also determines how the baud rate will be calculated. In modes 0 and 2 the baud rate is fixed based on the oscillator’s frequency. In modes 1 and 3 the baud rate is variable based on how often Timer 1 overflows. We’ll talk more about the various Serial Modes in a moment. The next bit, SM2, is a flag for "Multiprocessor communication." Generally, whenever a byte has been received the 8051 will set the "RI" (Receive Interrupt) flag. This lets the program know that a byte has been received and that it needs to be processed. However, when SM2 is set the "RI" flag will only be triggered if the 9th bit received was a "1". That is to say, if SM2 is set and a byte is received whose 9th bit is clear, the RI flag will never be set. This can be useful in certain advanced serial applications. For now it is safe to say that you will almost always want to clear this bit so that the flag is set upon reception of any character. The next bit, REN, is "Receiver Enable." This bit is very straightforward: If you want to receive data via the serial port, set this bit. You will almost always want to set this bit. The last four bits (bits 0 through 3) are operational bits. They are used when actually sending and receiving data--they are not used to configure the serial port. The TB8 bit is used in modes 2 and 3. In modes 2 and 3, a total of nine data bits are transmitted. The first 8 data bits are the 8 bits of the main value, and the ninth bit is taken from TB8. If TB8 is set and a value is written to the serial port, the data’s bits will be written to the serial line followed by a "set" ninth bit. If TB8 is clear the ninth bit will be "clear." The RB8 also operates in modes 2 and 3 and functions essentially the same way as TB8, but on the reception side. When a byte is received in modes 2 or 3, a total of nine bits are received. In this case, the first eight bits received are the data of the serial byte received and the value of the ninth bit received will be placed in RB8. TI means "Transmit Interrupt." When a program writes a value to the serial port, a certain amount of time will pass before the individual bits of the byte are "clocked out" the serial port. If the program were to write another byte to the serial port before the first byte was completely output, the data being sent would be garbled. Thus, the 8051 lets the program know that it has "clocked out" the last byte by setting the TI bit. When the TI bit is set, the program may assume that the serial port is "free" and ready to send the next byte. Finally, the RI bit means "Receive Interrupt." It funcions similarly to the "TI" bit, but it indicates that a byte has been received. That is to say, whenever the 8051 has received a complete byte it will trigger the RI bit to let the program know that it needs to read the value quickly, before another byte is read. Setting the Serial Port Baud Rate Once the Serial Port Mode has been configured, as explained above, the program must configure the serial port’s baud rate. This only applies to Serial Port modes 1 and 3. The Baud Rate is determined based on the oscillator’s frequency when in mode 0 and 2. In mode 0, the baud rate is always the oscillator frequency divided by 12. This means if you’re crystal is 11.059Mhz, mode 0 baud rate will always be 921,583 baud. In mode 2 the baud rate is always the oscillator frequency divided by 64, so a 11.059Mhz crystal speed will yield a baud rate of 172,797. In modes 1 and 3, the baud rate is determined by how frequently timer 1 overflows. The more frequently timer 1 overflows, the higher the baud rate. There are many ways one can cause timer 1 to overflow at a rate that determines a baud rate, but the most common method is to put timer 1 in 8-bit auto-reload mode (timer mode 2) and set a reload value (TH1) that causes Timer 1 to overflow at a frequency appropriate to generate a baud rate. To determine the value that must be placed in TH1 to generate a given baud rate, we may use the following equation (assuming PCON.7 is clear).
TH1 = 256 - ((11059000 / 384) / 19200 ) TH1 = 256 - ((28,799) / 19200) TH1 = 256 - 1.5 = 254.5 But not quite... to achieve 19,200 baud we simply need to set PCON.7 (SMOD). When we do this we double the baud rate and utilize the second equation mentioned above. Thus we have:
TH1 = 256 - ((11059000 / 192) / 19200) TH1 = 256 - ((57699) / 19200) TH1 = 256 - 3 = 253
2. Configure Timer 1 to timer mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload). 3. Set TH1 to 253 to reflect the correct frequency for 19,200 baud. 4. Set PCON.7 (SMOD) to double the baud rate. Once the Serial Port has been propertly configured as explained above, the serial port is ready to be used to send data and receive data. If you thought that configuring the serial port was simple, using the serial port will be a breeze. To write a byte to the serial port one must simply write the value to the SBUF (99h) SFR. For example, if you wanted to send the letter "A" to the serial port, it could be accomplished as easily as:
The 8051 lets us know when it is done transmitting a character by setting the TI bit in SCON. When this bit is set we know that the last character has been transmitted and that we may send the next character, if any. Consider the following code segment:
MOV SBUF,#’A’ ;Send the letter ‘A’ to the serial port JNB TI,$ ;Pause until the RI bit is set. Reading data received by the serial port is equally easy. To read a byte from the serial port one just needs to read the value stored in the SBUF (99h) SFR after the 8051 has automatically set the RI flag in SCON. For example, if your program wants to wait for a character to be received and subsequently read it into the Accumulator, the following code segment may be used:
MOV A,SBUF ;Read the character from the serial port Once the RI bit is set upon character reception the above condition automatically fails and program flow falls through to the "MOV" instruction which reads the value.
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