************ I fixed your drawing **********************
> >4. Assuming I cascade two second-order VCVS low-pass filters to make a
> >fourth-order filter: Sallen-key circuit
> >
> > +--------------|C1(--------+
> > | |
> > + ---~~R1--+--R2--+-------+|\ |
> > | |op-amp----+----- +
> > | | / |
> > Vin C2 | |--|/ | Vout
> > --- | |
> > --- +-------------+
> > |
> > - ----------------|------------------------- -
> >
Normalized values for a sallen key circuit with gain = 1 are
Stage 1 Stage 2
---------------------------
R1=1 R1=1
R2=1 R2=1
R3=OPEN R3=OPEN
R4=0 R4=0
C1= 2Q C1= 2Q
C2= 1/2Q C2 1/2Q
Q values
4 th order: Q(stage1) = .54 ; Q(stage2) = 1.31
Choose a crossover frequency in Hz and multiply it by 6.28 to convert it to rad/sec.
Now divide all the caps in both stages by this frequency (in rads/sec). This is
called frequency scaling.
All the resisters should be 1 ohm at this point. Choose a desired resister size (say
10K) and multiply all resisters by that number (lets call it Km). Then divide
all cap values by Km. This yields the same exact frequency response (cutoff freq)
as the normalized circuit except the componant values are much more reasonable.
This is call magnitude sacling. Magnitude in this case refering the the componant
size.
And thats it. play with the Km until the resistors and caps a reasonably close
to standard sizes and pick the nearest one.
I suggest using polypro or metal film caps in the signal path. You can magnitude
scale for small cap values (.1uF) which are cheap. As for opamps I suggest the
LF347 from National Semiconductor. This on was designed from the ground up for
audio purposes. You can use an 741 from radio shack to see if it all worked out
but the sound quality won't be outstanding. Should sound OK though.
Gain can be whatever you want. The higher the gain, the higher the noise floor on
the input side though. If your radio drives you amp to full output now, Let k=1.
That should do it
Dan Cousin
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 1996 15:22:24 -0700
Original Subject: Re: Active filter design